By a process of remodelling, the woven bone is replaced by mature "lamellar" bone. This initial "woven" bone does not have the strong mechanical properties of mature bone. Healing bone callus on average is sufficiently mineralized to show up on X-ray within 6 weeks in adults and less in children. In fact, bone is a mineralized collagen matrix if the mineral is dissolved out of bone, it becomes rubbery. This mineralization of the collagen matrix stiffens it and transforms it into bone. These monomers spontaneously assemble to form the bone matrix, for which bone crystals ( calcium hydroxyapatite) are deposited in amongst, in the form of insoluble crystals. Īt this stage, some of the fibroblasts begin to lay down bone matrix in the form of collagen monomers. Collagen's rubbery consistency allows bone fragments to move only a small amount unless severe or persistent force is applied. In this way, the blood clot is replaced by a matrix of collagen. The blood vessels also bring fibroblasts in the walls of the vessels and these multiply and produce collagen fibres. The new blood vessels bring phagocytes to the area, which gradually removes the non-viable material. Within a few days, blood vessels grow into the jelly-like matrix of the blood clot. The blood coagulates to form a blood clot situated between the broken fragments. The natural process of healing a fracture starts when the injured bone and surrounding tissues bleed, forming a fracture hematoma. (c) Cartilage of the calli is replaced by trabecular bone.
#Comminuted open fracture pictures series#
Main article: Bone healing Stages in Fracture Repair: The healing of a bone fracture follows a series of progressive steps: (a) A fracture hematoma forms.
Some fractures may lead to serious complications including a condition known as compartment syndrome. Complications An old fracture with nonunion of the fracture fragments Involuntary muscle spasms trying to hold bone fragments in place.ĭamage to adjacent structures such as nerves, muscles or blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots (for spine fractures), or cranial contents (for skull fractures) may cause other specific signs and symptoms.
Edema and hematoma of nearby soft tissues caused by ruptured bone marrow evokes pressure pain.Breaking in the continuity of the periosteum, with or without similar discontinuity in endosteum, as both contain multiple pain receptors.Signs and symptoms Īlthough bone tissue contains no pain receptors, a bone fracture is painful for several reasons: A bone fracture may be the result of high force impact or stress, or a minimal trauma injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis, osteopenia, bone cancer, or osteogenesis imperfecta, where the fracture is then properly termed a pathologic fracture. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several fragments, known as a comminuted fracture. Internal and external views of an arm with a compound fracture, both before and after surgeryĪ bone fracture (abbreviated FRX or Fx, F x, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of any bone in the body.
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